After reviewing this tutorial, participants should be able to discuss the methods of production of isotopes for medical and general commercial use; should be able to define the term "radiopharmaceutical" and to list the properties of the ideal diagnostic and ideal therapeutic radiopharmaceutical; should be able to distinguish between the terms "radiopharmaceutical" and "radiochemical"; should be able to discuss the properties common to all injectable drugs; should be able to state the regulation covering  legal limits for calibrated doses compared to prescribed doses; and should be able to list several examples of dynamic and static studies as well as in vivo non-imaging studies. In addition, they should be able to identify the imaging procedures/target organs associated with every radiopharmaceutical used in the United States, including several INDs; should be able to give the typical administered dose for each of these drugs and the route of administration; should be able to describe the kinetics of most of these drugs, including routes of excretion of the more commonly used radiopharmaceuticals; should be able to describe the stannous reduction method; should be able to describe a hexacoordinated Tc complex and draw its octahedral structure; and should be able to identify special patient preparations and restrictions used for several commonly used radiopharmaceuticals. Finally, they should be able to list and give examples of the 6 classical mechanisms of localization of radiopharmaceuticals as well as some of the mechanisms associated with the newer radiopharmaceuticals; should be familiar with uptake ratios and excretion rates, e.g., the percentage of each of the 5 renal imaging agents cleared by filtration and secretion as well as the amount bound to the tubules; should be able to describe an antigen-antibody reaction and the part it plays in the uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies by specific types of malignant tumors; and should be able to state legal particle size requirements for those preparations containing labeled particles.